For the Javanese in particular, the gamelan is not something alien to their everyday life. In other words, people know exactly where that is called gamelan or a set of gamelan. They have been familiar with the term 'gamelan', 'musicians', or 'gangsa'. But perhaps rnasih many who do not know how the historical development of the gamelan itself, since when gamelan began there in Java?.A Dutch scholar named Dr. J.L.A. Theoretically Brandes said that long before the arrival of the influence of Indian culture, the Javanese culture has rnemiliki skills or knowledge which includes 10 items (Brandes, 1889):
(1) puppets,
(2) gamelan,
(3) science rhythm poem,
(4) batik,
(5) metal working,
(6) system of its own currency,
(7) science and technology, shipping,
(8) astronomy,
(9) of agricultural fields,
(10) bureaucratic organized governance
Ten items of cultural skills are not from the provision of the Hindu nation of India. If the theory is true means the existence of gamelan and wayang has existed since prehistoric times. However, the exact year is difficult to know because in prehistoric times people are not familiar with the writing system. There is no written evidence that can be used to track and trace gamelan in prehistoric times.
Gamelan is a cultural product to meet the human need for art. Art is one element of culture that are universal. This means that every nation has certainly artistic, but his form is different from the one nation with another nation. If the cultural contacts between peoples happen then the art was also involved in contact that may occur one or mengarn nations will be absorbed when the element of art from other nations adapted to the conditions seternpat. Therefore, since the existence of gamelan until now there have been changes and developments, especially in the completeness ansambelnya.
The term "gamelan" is used to refer to the art of gamelan is widely used by the Java community. These terms have developed the use or pemaknaannya. Many people interpret the "gamelan" depart from the basic word "pepper" which means small, delicate or complex. Perhaps, in the Surakarta palace, musicians have also used the term as an umbrella from some branches of art such as: carving decoration, carving, dance, until pedhalangan (Supanggah, 2002:5 ¬ 6).
Dalarn narrow sense karawitan term used to refer to a type of sound art or music that contain one or both of the following elements (Supanggah, 2002:12):
(1) use the gamelan music instruments - either partially or completely barreled slendro or pelog - most or all of them.
(2) using a barrel (slendro scales) and / or pelog either instrumental or non-gamelan gamelan and vocals or the mix of both.
Javanese Gamelan now not only popular in Indonesia alone, has grown even abroad such as in the United States, Britain, Japan, Canada. Karawitan have 'global'. By because it was quite ironic if the Javanese as a direct heir would not even care about art or art gamelan musicians in particular or Javanese culture in general. Other nations so tekunnya studied Javanese gamelan, even in some countries has a set of Javanese gamelan. It's Java community should appreciate the great works of his own ancestors.
Sources of data about gamelan
Javanese culture after a period of prehistory that is entering a new era was a time when culture from the outside-in this case the influence of Indian culture began. Javanese culture began to enter the era of history characterized by a system of writing in public life. Viewed from a historical perspective during the period between Vill centuries until the XV century AD Javanese culture, have enriched the Indian cultural elements. It seems that elements of Indian culture can also be seen in art like gamelan and dance. The transformation of musical culture to Java through the Hindu-Buddhist religion.
The data on the existence of gamelan found in verbal sources ie sources - sources written in the form of inscriptions and literary books that come from the Hindu-Buddhist and other sources of pictorial form of the carved reliefs on temple building at both the temples from the age of classical Central Java (the 7th century until 10th century) and temples from the classic period of the younger of East Java (the 11th century until the century, ¬ 15) (Hary, 1985). In written sources the East Javanese gamelan ensemble group said to be "tabeh - tabehan" (new Java language 'percussion' or 'tetabuhan' which means everything that sounded or sounded with beaten). Zoetmulder explain the word "gamel" with percussion musical instrument that is struck (1982). In the Java language is the word "trash" which means 'bat'. In the language of Bali is the term 'gambelan' which later may be the term 'gamelan'. The term 'gamelan' has been mentioned in connection with the music. Namur in the Kadiri (approximately ¬ 13 th century AD), a music expert Judith Becker even say that the word "gamelan" comes from the name of a Burmese priest and an expert named Gumlao iron. If Becker's opinion is true, of course, the term 'gamelan' also found in Burma or in some areas of mainland Southeast Asia, but it did not.
Overview of gamelan instruments in temple reliefs
In some parts of the walls of the Borobudur temple visits to 17 types of gamelan instruments: drums strappy are worn around the neck, drum shaped like a pot, siter and lute, cymbals, flute, saron, xylophone. At the temple Lara Jonggrang (Prambanan) can be viewed images reliefs cylindrical drum, drum convex, drum shape pot, cymbals (intelligence), and flute.
Figure reliefs gamelan instruments in the temples of East Java can be found at the temple Jago (-13 th century AD) in the form of stringed instruments: a long-necked lute and zither. While at the temple Ngrimbi (century - 13 AD) there is relief reyong (two bonang pencon). Meanwhile, a large gong reliefs found in the temple Kedaton (14th century AD), and the cylindrical drum at the temple Tegawangi (14th century AD). Panataran In the main temple (14th century AD) is the relief gong, Bendhe, kemanak, drum type drum, and xylophone relief in pandapa terrace, reyong, and cymbals. Relief Bendhe and trumpet on Sukuh temple (15th century AD).
Based on the data on the relief and literary books obtained evidence that at least there is the influence of India on the existence of several types of Javanese gamelan. The presence of music in India very closely with religious activity. Music is one important element in religious ceremonies (Koentjaraningrat, 1985:42-45). In the several books of literary India like a book of Natya Sastra art music and dance ritual serves to activity. religious (Vatsyayan, 1968). Overall music group in India called 'vaditra' which are grouped into 5 classes, namely: governance (musical instrument strings), begat (stringed musical instrument), sushira (brass instruments), dhola (drums), ghana (musical instrument o'clock) . Another grouping is:
(1) Avanaddha vadya, the sound produced by vibration of the skin membrane being hit.
(2) Ghana vadya, the sound produced by vibration of the instrument itself.
(3) Sushira vadya, the sound produced by vibration of the air by blowing.
(4) Procedures vadya, the sound produced by vibration of the strings are plucked or swiped.
Classification can be equated with membranofon (Avanaddha vadya), ideofon (Ghana vadya), aerofon (sushira vadya), kordofon (grammar vadya). Rhythm in Indian music is called "laya" standardized by using the pattern of 'tuning' is done with drums. The rhythm is grouped into: druta (fast), Madhya (medium), and vilambita (slow).
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